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įailed to depart Low Earth orbit guidance system power failure prevented upper-stage ignition. Missed the Moon as course correction was not completed. Solar panels erroneously disengaged from power system, failed 8 + 3⁄ 4 hours after launch when batteries were depleted. įailed to deploy solar panels, ran out of power ten hours after launch incidental impact on the far side of the Moon on 26 April.
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Partial launch failure due to guidance problem attempt to correct using spacecraft's engine resulted in it missing the Moon by 36,793 kilometres (22,862 mi).
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Second stage ignited while first stage was still attached and burning. įailed to orbit, exploded 68 seconds after launch, at an altitude of 12.2 kilometres (7.6 mi). įailed to orbit second-stage oxidiser system malfunction resulting in premature cutoff. įailed to orbit rocket disintegrated ten seconds after launch.
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įailed to orbit premature third-stage cutoff. įailed to orbit payload fairing disintegrated due to design fault. Returned first images of the far side of the Moon. Successful impact at 21:02 on 14 September 1959. įailed to orbit guidance system malfunction. Closest approach at 22:25 UTC on 4 March. Second-stage overperformance resulted in flyby at greater altitude than expected, out of instrument range, with 58,983 kilometres (36,650 mi) of distance. Closest approach 5,995 kilometres (3,725 mi) on 4 January. Ĭarrier rocket guidance problem resulted in failure to impact Moon, flew past in a heliocentric orbit. įailed to orbit premature first-stage cutoff. įailed to orbit seal failure in hydrogen peroxide pump cooling system resulted in core-stage underperformance. Reached apogee of 1,550 kilometres (960 mi). įailed to orbit premature second-stage cutoff due to erroneous command by ground controllers third stage failed to ignite due to broken electrical connection. įailed to orbit carrier rocket exploded due to excessive vibration. įailed to orbit premature second-stage cutoff due to accelerometer failure. įailed to orbit rocket disintegrated due to excessive vibration. Reached apogee of 16 kilometres (9.9 mi). The Moon has also been visited by five spacecraft not dedicated to studying it four spacecraft have flown past it to gain gravity assistance, and a radio telescope, Explorer 49, was placed into selenocentric orbit in order to use the Moon to block interference from terrestrial radio sources.Īctive Moon missions, 2001 to present α Yearįirst attempted launch beyond Earth orbit failed to orbit due to turbopump gearbox malfunction resulting in first-stage explosion. Missions to the Moon have been conducted by the following nations and entities (in chronological order): the Soviet Union, the United States, Japan, the European Space Agency, China, India, Luxembourg, and Israel. Three rover missions were launched, of which two were successful, and eleven sample return flights were attempted with three successes. While the United States focused on the crewed Apollo program, the Soviet Union conducted uncrewed missions that deployed rovers and returned samples to the Earth. All nine crewed missions returned safely to the Earth. Apollo 13 was intended to land however, it was restricted to a flyby due to a malfunction aboard the spacecraft. Six missions landed humans on the Moon, beginning with Apollo 11 in July 1969, during which Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon. Apollo 8 was the first crewed mission to enter orbit in December 1968, and it was followed by Apollo 10 in May 1969. In 1966, Luna 9 became the first spacecraft to achieve a controlled soft landing, while Luna 10 became the first mission to enter orbit.īetween 19, crewed missions to the Moon were conducted by the United States as part of the Apollo program. Of the Moon landings, Luna 2 of the Soviet Union was the first spacecraft to reach its surface successfully, intentionally impacting the Moon on 13 September 1959. As part of human exploration of the Moon, numerous space missions have been undertaken to study Earth's natural satellite.